Annotation:Roast Beef of Old England (The)

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X:1 T:Roast Beef M:6/8 L:1/8 R:Jig B:Aird – Selection of Scotch, English, Irish and Foreign Airs, vol. 1 (1782, No. 77, p. 27) Z:AK/Fiddler’s Companion K:D A|d>ed c>de|fed e2c|d>ed c>dc|BE^G A2:||:A|BGB d2 c/B/| A>FD B3|e>fg c>BA|d3 A2F|G/A/ B2 A>dc|d3 d2:|]

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ROAST BEEF OF OLD ENGLAND, THE. AKA and see "Roast Beef and Brown Beer." English; Air, Morris Dance Tune (6/8 time). B Flat Major (Chappell): D Major (Bacon); F Major (Manson). Standard tuning (fiddle). One part (Chappell, Manson): AB (Bacon).

Calais Gate, or The Roast Beef of Old England. William Hogarth (1797-1764). The painting is Hogarth's comment on his second visit to France in the summer of 1748, when he was arrested as a spy while sketching the arms of England on the old city gate at Calais.

The composer of both air and (one set of) lyrics was wikipedia:Richard_Leveridge (1671-1738), a celebrated bass singer, who wrote it in association with Henry Fielding. It quickly became quite popular, taking on patriotic, nationalistic and martial trappings.

First performed as an interval song in 1735, later incorporated in several of Fielding's ballad operas, the song soon became associated with xenophobic attitudes. It was sung spontaneously by at least one theatre audience and played on street barrel organs. It was also a prime example of the ever popular dietary metaphor which linked British food with British national success.

In those days if fleets did presume on the main,
They seldom or never returned back again,
As witness the vaunting Armada of Spain..

Though extolling the virtues of England, it was very well-known and popular among Colonial (American) soldiers, who recognized it as the signal for representatives to come and draw the rations that were ready for distribution to the rank and file. The air became married to ritual in the British army, as it was (and is today) traditionally played when English officers went to dine. James Murray, writing in his book Music of the Scottish Regiments (Edinburgh, 1994), says “Roast Beef of Old England” was played on the fife and drum during Wellington’s Peninsula campaigns (early 19th century) which “summoned the soldiers to dinner, as it was later to call the officers.” The tune was written in 1735, and the ceremony recorded in literature in 1813, though "it undoubtedly existed much earlier" (Winscott, 1970; 268). The earliest printings, by London music publishers John Walsh and John Johnson, give the title as "Roast Beef and Brown Beer," and other early published versions appear in Walsh's British Musical Miscellany and The Universal Musician. The American military adopted the English tradition, although amended the title to simply “Roast Beef.” It was the call to dinner—the mid-day meal—and the signal to draw provisions, as it was in England. The U.S. Navy employed the tune as the evening call to mess for officers aboard battleships as late as 1892, played by fife and drums.

A morris dance version was collected from the village of Adderbury, Oxfordshire, in England's Cotswolds, where the dancers sang this chorus during the performance:

Oh! the roast beef of old England, and
Oh! for old England's roast beef ... (x2)

In The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), the Devonshire author and musician Thomas Hardy has the Casterbridge village band play this tune early in the novella. The tune was entered into several musicians' manuscript collections, including in the mid-19th century music manuscript of William Winter, a shoemaker and violin player who lived in West Bagborough in Somerset, southwest England.

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